AI vs Human Intelligence

- Overview

Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. 

The concept of intelligence goes back to the Latin verb intellegere, meaning the acquirement, processing and storage of information. From this point of view, intelligence is restricted to the cognitive, mental abilities of the human being.

Research in AI has focused chiefly on the following components of intelligence: learning, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and using language.

- The Seven Types of Intelligence

Psychologist Howard Gardner identified the following distinct types of intelligence. They are listed here with respect to gifted / talented children.

1. Linguistic: Enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles.
2. Logical-Mathematical: Interested in patterns, categories and relationships. Drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments.
3. Bodily-kinesthetic: Process knowledge through bodily sensations. Often athletic, dancers or good at crafts such as sewing or woodworking
4. Spatial: Think in images and pictures. May be fascinated with mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend free time drawing, building things or daydreaming.
5. Musical: Often singing or drumming to themselves. Usually quite aware of sounds others may miss. Often discriminating listeners.
6. Interpersonal: Leaders among their peers, who are good at communicating and who seem to understand others' feelings and motives.
7. Intrapersonal: May be shy, but are very aware of their own feelings and are self motivated.

You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least one and at most all intelligences in it.

- AI vs. Human Intelligence

Here are some differences between AI and human intelligence: 

• Learning: AI can learn from enormous amounts of data using statistical models and algorithms. However, they can only learn through data and regular training and cannot build a uniquely human analytical style. Human intelligence can generate fresh concepts, literature, music, and art using innovative thinking and creativity.
• Self-awareness: Humans are aware of their own thoughts and emotions, so they know their place in the world and shape their behavior around that. AI systems, though, aren't self-aware, so they don't have the necessary experience to navigate the world the same way.
• Learning from situations: Human intelligence has to learn from various situations encountered in life and their outcomes. This can lead to millions of overall functions in their life.
• Common sense: Modern AI does not include the common sense of the average 3-year-old.
• Abstract reasoning: The ability to think abstractly and analytically allows humans to solve complex problems using logic and evidence.

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- Human vs Machine (AI) Intelligence

In the field of AI, there is no consensus on how close the brain should be simulated.

Kaplan and Haenlein define AI as "the ability of a system to correctly interpret external data, learn from this data, and use these learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation". 

Achievements in AI range from constrained and well-defined problems such as games, crossword puzzles, and optical character recognition to more general problems such as self-driving cars. 

Following are the differences between human intelligence and machine intelligence.

• Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and data.  
• Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and recall as its pattern is simple. 
• Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.

Today, we have three different variants of AI technology; general AI, narrow AI, and superintelligence. Artificial superintelligence is the futuristic idea of AI capabilities replacing human intelligence. For superintelligence to materialize and become a reality, computational programs must surpass human intelligence in all parameters and contexts.

General intelligence or strong AI has not yet been achieved and is a long-term goal of AI research.

- Turing Test

The Turing test is a method of inquiry in artificial intelligence (AI) used to determine whether a computer can think like a human. The test is named after the founder of the Turing Test, British computer scientist, cryptanalyst, mathematician and theoretical biologist Alan Turing.

Turing proposed that a computer can be said to have artificial intelligence if it can mimic human responses under certain conditions. The original Turing test required three terminals, each physically separate from the other two. One terminal is operated by a computer and the other two are operated by a human.

During the test, one of the people acted as the questioner, while the second person and the computer acted as the respondent. The questioner asks the respondent within a specific subject area using the specified format and context. After a preset length of time or number of questions, the questioner is then asked to decide which answerer is a human and which answerer is a computer.

This test is repeated multiple times. A computer is considered to have artificial intelligence if the questioner makes the correct judgment in half or fewer of the test runs, because the questioner considers it "just as human" as the human answerer.